In this comprehensive guide, we highlight recommendations for construction cost estimating with RSMeans Data.

• The allowance for contingencies generally provides for unforeseen construction difficulties. Contractually, changes in plans will be covered by extras. These escalation factors are dependent upon both economic conditions and the anticipated time between the estimate and actual construction. Contingencies, then, are a matter of judgment.
• RSMeans Data’s national average material and labor costs do not include any allowances and should be added to estimates to cover contingencies and job conditions using the estimator's best judgment. When estimating historic preservation projects (depending on the condition of the existing structure and the owner’s requirements), a 15%−20% contingency or allowance is recommended, regardless of the stage of the drawings.

• Before determining a final cost estimate, it is a good practice to review all main office expenses, including project management and other personnel salaries (both direct and indirect costs), necessary cleanup expenses and any insurance coverages needed and make final adjustments for items that may need customizing for specific job conditions.
• Requirements for initial and periodic submittals can represent a significant cost to the General Requirements of a job. Thoroughly check the submittal specifications when estimating a project to determine any costs that should be included.

• All projects will require some degree of Quality Control. This cost is not included in the unit cost of construction listed in each division. Depending upon the terms of the contract, the various costs of inspection and testing can be the responsibility of either the owner or the contractor. Be sure to include the required costs in your estimate.

• Barricades, access roads, safety nets, scaffolding, security and many more requirements for the execution of a safe project are elements of direct costs. These costs can easily be overlooked when preparing an estimate. When looking through the major classifications of this subdivision, determine which items apply to each division in your estimate.
• Operators’ wages are not included in equipment rental costs. Construction Equipment Rental Costs can be found in the Reference Section of RSMeans Data Cost Books and within RSMeans Data Online.
• Equipment mobilization and demobilization costs are not included in equipment rental costs, operating costs or on the unit line cost or crew listing. Moving equipment to and from the jobsite must be considered separately in the estimate.
• The cost of small tools provided by the installing contractor for his workers is included in the “Total Incl. O&P” cost of any Unit Price line item. This can be found in the “Overhead” column of the “Installing Contractor’s Overhead and Profit” section that lists labor trades, base rates and markups.

• When preparing an estimate, thoroughly read the specifications to determine the requirements for Contract Closeout. Final cleaning, record documentation, operation and maintenance data, warranties and bonds, and spare parts and maintenance materials can all be elements of cost for the completion of a contract. Do not overlook these in your estimate.

• In preparing estimates on structures involving earthwork or foundations, all information concerning the site’s location, accessibility, topography, drainage, vegetation, soil, utilities and potential hazards should be obtained. Look particularly for hazardous waste, evidence of prior dumping of debris, and previous stream beds.

• This section provides costs for the careful dismantling and recycling of most low-rise building materials.
• Selective demolition costs do not include handling, loading, storing, hauling or disposal of debris. These items should be estimated separately.
• Historic preservation often requires that the contractor remove materials from the existing structure, rehab them and replace them. The estimator must be aware of any related measures and precautions that must be taken when doing selective demolition and cutting and patching. Requirements may include special handling and storage, as well as security.
• In addition to Selective Demolition in Subdivision 02 41 00, selective demolition items can be found in each division of RSMeans Data. Example: Roofing demolition is in Division 7.

• This subdivision includes information on hazardous waste handling, asbestos remediation, lead remediation and mold remediation.
• Asbestos removal is accomplished by a specialty contractor. There are regulations on the proper handling and disposal of materials. There is a recommended process and steps that should be individually priced to accurately estimate the cost to remove asbestos. These steps can be found in RSMeans Data reference items – R028213-20.
• Lead paint remediation can be accomplished by the following methods, abrasive blast, chemical stripping, power tool cleaning with vacuum collection system, encapsulation, remove and replace, and enclosure.

• Thoroughly check all plans and specifications. Concrete often appears on drawings other than structural drawings, including mechanical and electrical drawings for equipment pads. The cost of cutting and patching is often difficult to estimate. RSMeans Data has specific cost line items for concrete cutting (Subdivision 03 81), cutout demolition (Subdivision 02 41 19.16), concrete demolition (Subdivision 03 05 05.10) and rubbish/debris handling (Subdivision 02 41 19.19).
• Always obtain concrete prices from suppliers near the job site. A volume discount can often be negotiated, depending upon competition in the area. Remember to add for waste, particularly for slabs and footings on grade.

• A primary cost for concrete construction is forming. Most jobs today are constructed with prefabricated forms. The selection of the forms best suited for the job and the total square feet of forms required for efficient concrete forming and placing are key elements in estimating concrete construction. Enough forms must be available for erection to make efficient use of the concrete placing equipment and crew.
• Concrete accessories for forming and placing depend upon the systems used. Study the plans and specifications to ensure that all special accessory requirements have been included in the cost estimate, such as anchor bolts, inserts and hangers.
• RSMeans Data does include all of the necessary bracing and shoring within the costs for forms-in-place.

• Ascertain that the reinforcing steel supplier has included all accessories, cutting, bendingand an allowance for lapping, splicing and waste. A good rule of thumb is 10% for lapping, splicing and waste. Also, 10% waste should be allowed for welded wire fabric.
• RSMeans Data unit price items in the subdivisions that include Reinforcing In Place, Glass Fiber Reinforcing and Welded Wire Fabric include the labor to install accessories such as beam and slab bolsters, high chairs, and bar ties and tie wire. The material cost for these accessories is not included; they may be obtained from the Accessories Division.

• When estimating structural concrete, pay particular attention to requirements for concrete additives, curing methods and surface treatments. Special consideration for climate, hot or cold, must be included in your estimate. Be sure to include requirements for concrete placing equipment and concrete finishing.
• For accurate concrete estimating, the estimator must consider each of the following major components individually: forms, reinforcing steel, ready-mix concrete, placement of the concrete and finishing of the top surface. For faster estimating, Concrete-In-Place (Subdivision 03 30 53.40) can be used; here, various items of concrete work are presented that include the costs of all five major components (unless specifically stated otherwise).

• The cost of hauling precast concrete structural members is often an important factor. For this reason, it is important to get a quote from the nearest supplier. It may become economically feasible to set up precasting beds on the site if the hauling costs are prohibitive.

• The terms mortar and grout are often used interchangeably. This is incorrect.  Mortar and grout are different components of masonry construction and are placed by entirely different methods. An estimator should be aware of their unique uses and costs.
  • Mortar is used to bed masonry units, seal the entry of air and moisture, provide architectural appearance and allow for size variations in the units. Common mortar types are M(2500 psi), S(1800 psi), N(750 psi), and O(350 psi), and conform to ASTM C270.
  • Grout is used primarily in reinforced masonry construction and is used to bond the masonry to the reinforcing steel. Grout is either fine or coarse and conforms to ASTM C476. In-place strengths for grout generally exceed 2500 psi.
• Mortar is included in all assembled masonry line items. The mortar cost, part of the assembled masonry material cost, includes all ingredients, all labor and all equipment required.
• Waste, specifically the loss/ droppings of mortar and the breakage of brick and block, is included in all masonry assemblies within RSMeans Data. A factor of 25% is added for mortar and 3% for brick and concrete masonry units.
• Scaffolding or staging is not included in any of the Division 4 costs of RSMeans Data. Refer to Construction Aids – Temporary Scaffolding and Platforms (Subdivision 01 54 23) for scaffolding and staging costs.

• The most common types of unit masonry are brick and concrete masonry. The major classifications of brick are building brick (ASTM C62), facing brick (ASTM C216), glazed brick, fire brick and pavers. Many varieties of texture and appearance can exist within these classifications, and the estimator would be wise to check local custom and availability within the project area. For repair and remodeling jobs, matching the existing brick may be the most important criteria.
• Brick and concrete block are priced by the piece and then converted into a price per square foot of wall. Openings less than two square feet are generally ignored by the estimator because any savings in units used is offset by the cutting and trimming required.
• It is often difficult and expensive to find and purchase small lots of historic brick. Costs can vary widely. Many design issues affect costs, selection of mortar mix and repairs or replacement of masonry materials. Cleaning techniques must be reflected in the estimate.
• All masonry walls, whether interior or exterior, require bracing. The cost of bracing walls during construction should be included by the estimator, and this bracing must remain in place until permanent bracing is complete. Permanent bracing of masonry walls is accomplished by masonry itself, in the form of pilasters or abutting wall corners, or by anchoring the walls to the structural frame. Accessories in the form of anchors, anchor slots, and ties are used, but their supply and installation can be by different trades. For instance, anchor slots on spandrel beams and columns are supplied and welded in place by the steel fabricator, but the ties from the slots into the masonry are installed by the bricklayer. Regardless of the installation method, the estimator must be certain that these accessories are accounted for in pricing.

• Nuts, bolts, washers, connection angles and plates can add a significant amount to both the tonnage of a structural steel job and the estimated cost. As a rule of thumb, add 10% to the total weight to account for these accessories.
• Type 2 steel construction, commonly referred to as ‘‘simple construction,’’ consists generally of field-bolted connections with lateral bracing supplied by other elements of the building, such as masonry walls or x-bracing. The estimator should be aware, however, that shop connections may be accomplished by welding or bolting. The method may be particular to the fabrication shop and may have an impact on the estimated cost.

• Steel items can be obtained from two sources: a fabrication shop or a metals service center. Fabrication shops can fabricate items under more controlled conditions than can crews in the field. They are also more efficient and can produce items more economically. Metal service centers serve as a source of long mill shapes to both fabrication shops and contractors.
• Most line items in this structural steel subdivision, and most items in Metal Fabrications (Subdivision 05 50 00), are indicated as being shop fabricated. The bare material cost for these shop fabricated items is the “Invoice Cost” from the shop and includes the mill base price of steel plus mill extras, transportation to the shop, shop drawings and detailing where warranted, shop fabrication and handling, sandblasting and a shop coat of primer paint, all necessary structural bolts and delivery to the job site. The bare labor cost and bare equipment cost for these shop fabricated items is for field installation or erection.
• Line items in Lightweight Framing (Subdivision 05 12 23.40), and other items scattered in Division 5, are indicated as being field fabricated. The bare material cost for these field fabricated items is the “Invoice Cost” from the metals service center and includes the mill base price of steel plus mill extras, transportation to the metals service center, material handling and delivery of long lengths of mill shapes to the job site. Material costs for structural bolts and welding rods should be added to the estimate. The bare labor cost and bare equipment cost for these items is for both field fabrication and field installation or erection, and include time for cutting, welding and drilling in the fabricated metal items. Drilling into concrete and fasteners to fasten field fabricated items to other work are not included and should be added to the estimate.

• In any given project the total weight of open web steel joists is determined by the loads to be supported and the design. However, economies can be realized in minimizing the amount of labor used to place the joists. This is done by maximizing the joist spacing, and therefore minimizing the number of joists required to be installed on the job. Certain spacings and locations may be required by the design, but in other cases maximizing the spacing and keeping it as uniform as possible will keep the costs down.

• The takeoff and estimating of metal deck involves more than simply the area of the floor or roof and the type of deck specified or shown in the drawings. Many different sizes and types of openings may exist. Small openings for individual pipes or conduits may be drilled after the floor/roof is installed, but larger openings may require special deck lengths as well as reinforcing or structural support. The estimator should determine who will supply this reinforcement. Additionally, some deck terminations are part of the deck package, such as screed angles and pour stops, and others will be part of the steel contract, such as angles attached to structural members and cast-in-place angles and plates. The estimator must ensure that all pieces are accounted for in the complete estimate.

• The most economical steel stairs are those that use common materials, standard details, and most importantly, a uniform and relatively simple method of field assembly. Commonly available A36 channels and plates are very good choices for the main stringers of the stairs, as are angles and tees for the carrier members. Risers and treads are usually made by specialty shops, and it is most economical to use a typical detail in as many places as possible. The stairs should be preassembled and shipped directly to the site. The field connections should be simple and straightforward to be accomplished efficiently and with minimum equipment and labor.

• Common to any wood-framed structure are the accessory connector items such as screws, nails, adhesives, hangers, connector plates, straps, angles and hold-downs. For typical wood-framed buildings, such as residential projects, the aggregate total for these items can be significant, especially in areas where seismic loading is a concern. For floor and wall framing, the material cost is based on 10 to 25 lbs. per ‘‘thousand board feet’’ (MBF). Hold-downs, hangers and other connectors should be taken off by the piece. Included with material costs are fasteners for a normal installation. RSMeans Data engineers use manufacturer’s recommendations, written specifications and/or standard construction practice for the size and spacing of fasteners. Prices for various fasteners are shown for informational purposes only. Adjustments should be made if unusual fastening conditions exist.

• Lumber is a traded commodity and therefore sensitive to supply and demand in the marketplace. Even in ‘‘budgetary’’ estimating of wood-framed projects, it is advisable to call local suppliers for the latest market pricing.
• Common quantity units for wood-framed projects are ‘‘thousand board feet’’ (MBF). A board foot is a volume of wood, 1' x 1' x 1', or 144 cubic inches. Board foot quantities are generally calculated using nominal material dimensions — dressed sizes are ignored. Board foot per linear foot of any stick of lumber can be calculated by dividing the nominal cross-sectional area by 12. As an example, 2,000 lineal feet of 2 x 12 equates to 4 MBF by dividing the nominal area, 2 x 12, by 12, which equals 2, and multiplying by 2,000 to give 4,000 board feet. This simple rule applies to all nominal dimensioned lumber.
• Waste is an issue of concern at the quantity takeoff for any area of construction. Framing lumber is sold in even foot lengths, i.e., 10', 12', 14', 16' and depending on spans, wall heights and the grade of lumber, waste is inevitable. A rule of thumb for lumber waste is 5%−10% depending on material quality and the complexity of the framing.
• Wood in various forms and shapes is used in many projects, even where the main structural framing is steel, concrete or masonry. Plywood as a back-up partition material and 2x boards used as blocking and cant strips around roof edges are two common examples. The estimator should ensure that the costs of all wood materials are included in the final estimate.

• It is necessary to consider the grade of workmanship when estimating labor costs for erecting millwork and interior finish. In practice, there are three grades: premium, custom and economy. The RSMeans Data daily output for base and case moldings is in the range of 200 to 250 L.F. per carpenter per day. This is appropriate for most average custom-grade projects. For premium projects, an adjustment to productivity of 25%−50% should be made, depending on the complexity of the job.

• Be sure of the job specifications before pricing this subdivision. The difference in cost between waterproofing and damp proofing can be great. Waterproofing will hold back standing water. Damp proofing prevents the transmission of water vapor. Also included in this section are vapor retarding membranes.

• Insulation and fireproofing products are measured by area, thickness, volume or R-value. Specifications may give only what the specific R-value should be in a certain situation. The estimator may need to choose the type of insulation to meet that R-value.

• Many roofing and siding products are bought and sold by the square. One square is equal to an area that measures 100 square feet. This simple change in unit of measure could create a large error if the estimator is not observant. Accessories necessary for a complete installation must be figured into any calculations for both material and labor.

• The items in these subdivisions compose a roofing system. No one component completes the installation and all must be estimated. Built-up or single-ply membrane roofing systems are made up of many products and installation trades. Wood blocking at roof perimeters or penetrations, parapet coverings, reglets, roof drains, gutters, downspouts, sheet metal flashing, skylights, smoke vents and roof hatches all need to be considered along with the roofing material. Several different installation trades will need to work together on the roofing system. Inherent difficulties in the scheduling and coordination of various trades must be accounted for when estimating labor costs.

• To complete the weather-tight shell, sealants and caulkings must be estimated. Where different materials meet — at expansion joints, at flashing penetrations, and at hundreds of other locations throughout a construction project — they provide another line of defense against water penetration. Often, an entire system is based on the proper location and placement of caulking or sealants. The detailed drawings included as part of a set of architectural plans show typical locations for these materials. When caulking or sealants are shown at typical locations,  the estimator must include them for all the locations where this detail is applicable. Keep different types of sealants separate and remember to consider backer rods and primers if necessary.

• All exterior doors should be addressed for their energy conservation (insulation and seals).
• Most metal doors and frames look alike, but there may be significant differences between them. When estimating these items, be sure to choose the line item that most closely compares to the specification or door schedule requirements regarding:
  • Type of metal
  • Metal gauge
  • Door core material
  • Fire rating
  • Finish
• Wood and plastic doors vary considerably in price. Door pricing includes bore for cylindrical lockset and mortise for hinges. The primary determinant is the veneer material. Lauan, birch and oak are the most common veneers. Other variables include the following:
  • Hollow or solid core
  • Fire rating
  • Flush or raised panel
  • Finish

• There are many varieties of special doors and they are usually priced per each. Add frames, hardware or operators required for a complete installation.

• Glazed curtain walls consist of metal tube framing and glazing material. The cost data in this subdivision is presented for the metal tube framing alone or the composite wall. If your estimate requires a detailed takeoff of the framing, be sure to add the glazing cost and any tints.

• Most metal windows are delivered pre-glazed. However, some metal windows are priced without glass. Refer to Glass Glazing (Subdivision 08 80 00) for glass pricing. The grade C indicates commercial grade windows, usually ASTM C-35.
• All wood windows and vinyl are priced pre-glazed. The glazing is insulating glass. Add the cost of screens and grills if required and not  included.

• Hardware costs add considerably to the cost of a door. The most efficient method to determine the hardware requirements for a project is to review the door and hardware schedule together. One type of door may have different hardware, depending on the door usage.
• Door hinges are priced by the pair, with most doors requiring 1-1/2 pairs per door. The hinge prices do not include installation labor, because it is included in door installation. Hinges are classified according to the frequency of use, base material and finish.

• Different openings require different types of glass. The most common types are:
  • Float
  • Tempered
  • Insulating
  • Impact-resistant
  • Ballistic-resistant
• Most exterior windows are glazed with insulating glass. Entrance doors and window walls, where the glass is less than 18" from the floor, are generally glazed with tempered glass. Interior windows and some residential windows are glazed with float glass.
• Coastal communities require the use of impact-resistant glass, dependent on wind speed.
• The insulation or ‘u’ value is a strong consideration, along with solar heat gain, to determine total energy efficiency.

• Room Finish Schedule: A complete set of plans should contain a room finish schedule. If one is not available, it would be well worth the time and effort to obtain one.

• Lath is estimated by the square yard plus a 5% allowance for waste. Furring, channels and accessories are measured by the linear foot. An extra foot should be allowed for each accessory miter or stop.
• Plaster is also estimated by the square yard. Deductions for openings vary by preference, from zero deduction to 50% of all openings over 2 feet in width. The estimator should allow one extra square foot for each linear foot of horizontal interior or exterior angle located below the ceiling level. Also, double the areas of small radius work.
• Drywall accessories, studs, track and acoustical caulking are all measured by the linear foot. Drywall taping is figured by the square foot. Gypsum wallboard is estimated by the square foot. No material deductions should be made for door or window openings under 32 S.F.

• Tile and terrazzo areas are taken off on a square foot basis. Trim and base materials are measured by the linear foot. Accent tiles are listed per each. Two basic methods of installation are used. Mud set is approximately 30% more expensive than thin set. In terrazzo work, be sure to include the linear footage of embedded decorative strips, grounds, machine rubbing and power cleanup.
• Wood flooring is available in strip, parquet or block configuration. The latter two types are set in adhesives with quantities estimated by the square foot. The laying pattern will influence labor costs and material waste. In addition to the material and labor for laying wood floors, the estimator must make allowances for sanding and finishing these areas, unless the flooring is prefinished.
• Sheet flooring is measured by the square yard. Roll widths vary, so preference should be given to the most economical width, as waste must be figured into the total quantity. Consider also the installation methods available, direct glue-down or stretched.

• Wall coverings are estimated by the square foot. The area to be covered is measured, length by height of wall above baseboards, to calculate the square footage of each wall. This figure is divided by the number of square feet in the single roll which is being used. Deduct, in full, the areas of openings such as doors and windows. Where a pattern match is required allow 25%−30% waste.

• Acoustical systems fall into several categories. The takeoff of these materials should be calculated by square  feet of the area with a 5% allowance for waste. Do not forget about scaffolding, Construction Aids – Temporary Scaffolding and Platforms (Subdivision 01 54 23), if applicable.

• A major portion of the work in painting involves surface preparation. Be sure to include cleaning, sanding, filling and masking costs in the estimate.
• Protection of adjacent surfaces is not included in painting costs. When considering the method of paint application, an important factor is the amount of protection and masking required. These must be estimated separately and may be the determining factor in choosing the method of application.

• The items in this division are usually priced per square foot or each.
• Many items in Division 10 require some type of support system or special anchors that are not usually furnished with the item. The required anchors must be added to the estimate in the appropriate division.
• Some items in Division 10, such as lockers, may require assembly before installation. Verify the amount of assembly required. Assembly can often exceed installation time.

• Support angles and blocking are not included in the installation of toilet compartments, shower/dressing compartments or cubicles. Appropriate line items from Divisions 5 or 6 may need to be added to support the installations.
• Toilet partitions are priced by the stall. A stall consists of a side wall, pilaster and door with hardware. Toilet tissue holders and grab bars are extra.
• The required acoustical rating of a folding partition can have a significant impact on costs. Verify the sound transmission coefficient rating of the panel priced to the specification requirements.
• Grab bar installation does not include supplemental blocking or backing to support the required load. When grab bars are installed at an existing facility, provisions must be made to attach the grab bars to solid structure.

• The items in this division are usually priced per square foot or each. Many of these items are purchased by the owner for installation by the contractor. Check the specifications for responsibilities and include time for receiving, storage, installation, and mechanical and electrical hookups in the appropriate divisions.
• Many items in Division 11 require some type of support system that is not usually furnished with the item. Examples of these systems include blocking for the attachment of casework and support angles for ceiling-hung projection screens. The required blocking or supports must be added to the estimate in the appropriate division.
• Some items in Division 11 may require assembly or electrical hookups. Verify the amount of assembly required or the need for a hard electrical connection and add the appropriate costs.

• The items in this division are usually priced per square foot or each. Most of these items are purchased by the owner and installed by the contractor. Do not assume the items in Division 12 will be purchased and installed by the contractor. Check the specifications for responsibilities and include receiving, storage, installation, and mechanical and electrical hookups in the appropriate divisions.
• Some items in this division require some type of support system that is not usually furnished with the item. Examples of these systems include blocking for the attachment of casework and heavy drapery rods. The required blocking must be added to the estimate in the appropriate division.

• The items and systems in this division are usually estimated, purchased, supplied and installed as a unit by one or more subcontractors. The estimator must ensure that all parties are operating from the same set of specifications and assumptions, and that all necessary items are estimated and will be provided. Many times, the complex items and systems are covered, but the more common ones, such as excavation or a crane, are overlooked for the very reason that everyone assumes nobody could miss them. The estimator should ensure that all systems are complete.
• Another area where problems can develop in this division is at the interface between systems. The estimator must ensure, for instance, that anchor bolts, nuts and washers are estimated and included for air-supported structures and pre-engineered buildings to be bolted to their foundations. Utility supply is a common area where essential items or pieces of equipment can be missed or overlooked, because each subcontractor may feel it is another subcontractor’s responsibility. The estimator should also be aware of certain items which may be supplied as part of a package but installed by others and ensure that the installing contractor’s estimate includes the cost of installation. Conversely, the estimator must also ensure that items are not costed by two different subcontractors, resulting in an inflated overall estimate.

• The foundations and floor slab, as well as rough mechanical and electrical, should be estimated, as this work is required for the assembly and erection of the structure. Generally, as noted in the book, a pre-engineered building comes as a shell. Pricing is based on the size and structural design parameters stated in the reference section. Additional features, such as windows and doors with their related structural framing, must also be included by the estimator. Here again, the estimator must have a clear understanding of the scope of each portion of the work and all the necessary interfaces. 

• Many products in Division 14 will require some type of support or blocking for installation not included with the item itself. Examples are supports for conveyors or tube systems, attachment points for lifts and footings for hoists or cranes. Add these supports in the appropriate division.

• Dumbwaiters and elevators are estimated and purchased in a method similar to buying a car. The manufacturer has a base unit with standard features. Added to this base unit price will be whatever options the owner or specifications require. Increased load capacity, additional vertical travel, additional stops, higher speed and cab finish options are items to be considered. When developing an estimate for dumbwaiters and elevators, remember that some items needed by the installers may have to be included as part of the general contract. Examples are:
  • Shaftway
  • Rail support brackets
  • Machine room
  • Electrical supply
  • Sill angles
  • Electrical connections
  • Pits
  • Roof penthouses
  • Pit ladders
• Check job specifications and drawings before pricing. Installation of elevators and lifts in historic structures can require significant additional costs. The associated structural requirements may involve cutting into and repairing finishes, moldings, flooring, etc. The estimator must account for these special conditions.

• Escalators and moving walks are specialty items installed by specialty contractors. There are numerous options associated with these items. For specific options, contact a manufacturer or contractor. In a method similar to estimating dumbwaiters and elevators, you should verify the extent of general contract work and add items as necessary.

• Products such as correspondence lifts, chutes and pneumatic tube systems, as well as other items specified in this subdivision, may require trained installers. The general contractor might not have any choice as to who will perform the installation, or when it will be performed. Long lead times are often required for these products, making early decisions in scheduling necessary.

• Pipe for fire protection and all uses is located in Subdivisions 21 11 13 and 22 11 13. The labor adjustment factors listed in Subdivision 22 01 02.20 also apply to Division 21. Many, but not all, areas in the U.S. require backflow protection in the fire system. It is advisable to check local building codes for specific requirements. For your reference, the following is a list of the most applicable Fire Codes and Standards which may be purchased from the NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
  • NFPA 1: Uniform Fire Code
  • NFPA 10: Portable Fire Extinguishers
  • NFPA 11: Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam
  • NFPA 12: Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems (Also companion 12A)
  • NFPA 13: Installation of Sprinkler Systems (Also companion 13D, 13E, and 13R)
  • NFPA 14: Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
  • NFPA 15: Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection
  • NFPA 16: Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems
  • NFPA 17: Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems (Also companion 17A)
  • NFPA 18: Wetting Agents
  • NFPA 20: Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection
  • NFPA 22: Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
  • NFPA 24: Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances
  • NFPA 25: Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection

• This subdivision is primarily basic pipe and related materials. The pipe may be used by any of the mechanical disciplines, i.e., plumbing, fire protection, heating, and air conditioning. Note: CPVC plastic piping approved for fire protection is located in Subdivision 21 11 13.
• The labor adjustment factors listed in Subdivision 22 01 02.20 apply throughout Divisions 21, 22, and 23.
  • CAUTION: The correct adjustment factor percentage may vary for the same items. For example, the percentage add for  basic pipe installation should be based on the maximum height that the craftsman must install for that particular section. If the pipe is to be located 14' above the floor but it is suspended on threaded rod from beams, the bottom flange of which is 18' high (4' rods), then the height is actually 18' and the add is 20%. The pipe coverer, however, does not have to go above the 14', and so the add should be 10%.
• Most pipe is priced first as straight pipe with a joint (coupling, weld, etc.) every 10' and a hanger usually every 10'. There are exceptions with hanger spacing such as for cast iron pipe (5') and plastic pipe (3 per 10'). Following each type of pipe there are several lines listing sizes and the amount to be subtracted to delete couplings and hangers. This is for pipe that is to be buried or supported together on trapeze hangers. The reason that the couplings are deleted is that these runs are usually long, and frequently longer lengths of pipe are used. By deleting the couplings, the estimator is expected to look up and add back the correct reduced number of couplings.
• When preparing an estimate, it may be necessary to approximate the fittings. Fittings usually run between 25% and 50% of the cost of the pipe. The lower percentage is for simpler runs, and the higher number is for complex areas, such as mechanical rooms.
• For historic restoration projects, the systems must be out of site as much as possible, and pathways must be sought for pipes, conduit and ductwork. While installations in accessible spaces (such as basements and attics) are relatively straightforward to estimate, labor costs may be more difficult to determine when delivery systems must be concealed.

• Plumbing fixture costs usually require two lines: the fixture itself and its ‘‘rough-in, supply, and waste.’’
• In the Assemblies Section (Plumbing D2010) for the desired fixture, the System Components Group at the center of the page shows the fixture on the first line. The rest of the list (fittings, pipe, tubing, etc.) will total up to what we refer to in the Unit Price section as “Rough-in, supply, waste, and vent.” Note that for most fixtures we allow a nominal 5' of tubing to reach from the fixture to a main or riser.
• Remember that gas- and oil-fired units need venting.

• The labor adjustment factors listed in Subdivision 22 01 02.20 also apply to Division 23. 

• The prices in this subdivision for above- and belowground storage tanks do not include foundations or hold-down slabs, unless noted. The estimator should refer to Divisions 3 and 31 for foundation system pricing. In addition to the foundations, required tank accessories, such as tank gauges, leak detection devices and additional manholes and piping must be added to  tank prices.

• When estimating the cost of an HVAC system, check to see who is responsible for providing and installing the temperature control system. It is possible to overlook controls, assuming that they would be included in the electrical estimate.
• When looking up a boiler, keep a careful eye on specified capacity. Some manufacturers rate their products on output while others use input.
• Include HVAC insulation for pipe, boiler and duct (wrap and liner).
• Be certain when looking up mechanical items to get the correct pressure rating and connection type (thread, weld, flange).

• Combination heating and cooling units are sized by the air conditioning requirements. RSMeans Data provides a preliminary sizing guide in the reference section of costs books and RSMeans Data Online -Reference No. R236000-20.  
• The vast majority of air conditioning is nominally 400 CFM.
• Rectangular duct is taken off by the linear foot for each size, but its cost is usually estimated by the pound. Remember that SMACNA standards now base duct on internal pressure.
• Prefabricated duct is estimated and purchased like pipe: straight sections and fittings.
• Note that cranes or other lifting equipment are not included on any lines in Division 23. For example, if a crane is required to lift a heavy piece of pipe into place high above a gym floor, or to put a rooftop unit on the roof of a four-story building, etc., it must be added. Due to the potential for extreme variation — from nothing additional required to a major crane or helicopter — we feel that including a nominal amount for “lifting contingency” would be useless and detract from the accuracy of the estimate. When using RSMeans Data equipment rental costs ,  remember to include the cost of the operator(s).

• Conduit should be taken off in three main categories — power distribution, branch power and branch lighting — so the estimator can concentrate on systems and components, therefore making it easier to ensure all items have been accounted for.
• For cost modifications for elevated conduit installation, add the percentages to labor according to the height of installation, and only to the quantities exceeding the different height levels, not to the total conduit quantities.
• Remember that aluminum wiring of equal ampacity is larger in diameter than copper and may require larger conduit.
• If more than three wires at a time are being pulled, deduct percentages from the labor hours of that grouping of wires.
• When taking off grounding systems, identify separately the type and size of wire, and list each unique type of ground connection.
• Consider material weight when completing a takeoff. Ask yourself:
  • How will materials be supported?  
  • What methods of support are available?
  • How high will the support structure have to reach?  
  • Will the final support structure be able to withstand the total burden?  
  • Is the support material included or separate from the fixture, equipment and material specified?
  • Where is that large automobile?
• Do not overlook the costs of equipment used in the installation. If scaffolding or high lifts are available in the field, contractors may use them in lieu of the proposed ladders and rolling staging.

• Supports and concrete pads may be shown on drawings for larger equipment or the support system may be only a piece of plywood for the back of a panelboard. In either case, it must be included in the costs.

• When taking off cathodic protections systems, identify the type and size of cable, and list each unique type of anode connection.

• Fixtures should be taken off room by room, using the fixture schedule, specifications and the ceiling plan. For large concentrations of lighting fixtures in the same area, deduct the percentages from labor hours. Note: Trade Service, in part, has been used as a reference source for some of the material prices used in Division 26.

• When estimating material costs for special systems, it is always prudent to obtain manufacturers’ quotations for equipment prices and special installation requirements which will affect the total costs. Note: Trade Service, in part, has been used as a reference source for some of the material prices used in Division 27.

• When estimating material costs for electronic safety and security systems, it is always prudent to obtain manufacturers’ quotations for equipment prices and special installation requirements that affect the total cost.
• Fire alarm systems consist of control panels, annunciator panels, battery with rack, charger and fire alarm actuating and indicating devices. Some fire alarm systems include speakers, telephone lines, door closer controls and other components. Do not overlook the costs related to the installation of  these items. Also be aware of costs for integrated automation instrumentation and terminal devices, control equipment, control wiring and programming.
• Security equipment includes items such as CCTV, access control, and other detection and identification systems to perform alert and alarm functions. Be sure to consider the costs related to installation of  this security equipment, such as the costs of  integrated automation instrumentation and terminal devices, control equipment, control wiring and programming.

• Estimating the actual cost of performing earthwork requires careful consideration of the variables involved. This includes items such as type of soil, whether water will be encountered, dewatering, whether banks need bracing, disposal of excavated earth and length of haul to fill or spoil sites, etc. If the project has large quantities of cut or fill, consider raising or lowering the site to reduce costs, while paying close attention to the effect on site drainage and utilities.
• If the project has large quantities of fill, creating a borrow pit on the site can significantly lower the costs.
• It is very important to consider what time of year the project is scheduled for completion. Bad weather can create large cost overruns from dewatering, site repair and lost productivity.

• Recycling of asphalt pavement is becoming very popular and is an alternative to removal and replacement. It can be a good value engineering proposal if removed pavement can be recycled, either at the project site or at another site that is reasonably close to the project site. Sections on repair of flexible and rigid pavement are included.

• When estimating paving, keep in mind the project schedule. Also note that prices for asphalt and concrete are generally higher in the cold seasons. Lines for pavement markings, including tactile warning systems and fence lines, are included.

• The timing of planting and guarantee specifications often dictate the costs for establishing tree and shrub growth and a stand of grass or ground cover. Establish the work performance schedule to coincide with the local planting season. Maintenance and growth guarantees can add anywhere from 20%−100% onto the total landscaping cost and can be contractually cumbersome. The cost to replace trees and shrubs can be as high as 5% of the total cost, depending on the planting zone, soil conditions and time of year.

• Never assume that the water, sewer and drainage lines will go in at the early stages of the project. Consider the site access needs before dividing the site in half with open trenches, loose pipe and machinery obstructions. Always inspect the site to establish that the site drawings are complete. Check off all existing utilities on your drawings as you locate them. Be especially careful with underground utilities because appurtenances are sometimes buried during regrading or repaving operations. If you find any discrepancies, mark up the site plan for further research. Differing site conditions can be very costly if discovered later in the project.
• See Operation and Maintenance of Utilities (Subdivision 33 01 00) for restoration of pipe where removal/replacement may be undesirable. Using new types of piping materials can reduce the overall project cost. Owners/design engineers should consider the installing contractor as a valuable source of information on current utility products and local conditions that could lead to significant cost savings.

• This subdivision includes items that may involve either the repair of existing or the construction of new railroad tracks. Additional preparation work, such as the roadbed earthwork, are found in Division 31. Additional new construction siding and turnouts are found in Subdivision 34 72. Maintenance of railroads is found under 34 01 23 Operation and Maintenance of Railways.

• This subdivision includes traffic signal systems. Other traffic control devices such as traffic signs are found in Subdivision 10 14 53 Traffic Signage.

• This subdivision includes security vehicle barriers, guide and guard rails, crash barriers and delineators. The actual maintenance and construction of concrete and asphalt pavement is found in Division 32.

• Includes unit price lines for pile cleaning and pile wrapping for protection.

• This subdivision includes various types of gates that are commonly used in waterway and canal construction. Various earthwork items and structural support are found in Division 31, and concrete work in Division 3.

• This subdivision includes barge and shore dredging systems for rivers, canals and channels.

• This subdivision includes breakwaters, bulkheads and revetments for ocean and river inlets. Additional earthwork may be required from Division 31 and concrete work from Division 3.

• Information on levee construction, including estimated cost of clay cone material.

• This subdivision includes breakwaters and bulkheads for canals.

• This section includes floating piers, docks and dock accessories. Fixed Pier Timber Construction is found in Subdivision 06 13 33. Driven piles are found in Division 31, as well as sheet piling, cofferdams and riprap.

• Products such as conveyors, material handling cranes and hoists, as well as other items specified in this division, require trained installers. The general contractor may not have any choice as to who will perform the installation or when it will be performed. Long lead times are often required for these products, making early decisions in purchasing and scheduling necessary. The installation of this type of equipment may require embedding mounting hardware during construction of floors, structural walls or interior walls/partitions. Electrical connections will require coordination with the electrical contractor.

• This section involves equipment and construction costs for air noise and odor pollution control systems. These systems may be interrelated, and care must be taken that the complete systems are estimated. For example, air pollution equipment may include dust and air-entrained particles that have to be collected. The vacuum systems could be noisy, requiring silencers to reduce noise pollution, and the collected solids must be disposed of to prevent solid pollution.

• This division contains information about water and wastewater equipment and systems, which was formerly located in Division 44. The main areas of focus are total wastewater treatment plants and components of wastewater treatment plants. In addition, there are assemblies such as sewage treatment lagoons that can be found in some publications under G30 Site Mechanical Utilities. Also included in this section are oil/water separators for wastewater treatment.

• When estimating costs for installing electrical power generation equipment, factors to review include access to the job site, access and setting at the installation site, required connections, uncrating pads, anchors, leveling, final assembly of the components and temporary protection from physical damage, including from exposure to the environment.
• Be aware of the cost of equipment supports, concrete pads and vibration isolators, and cross-reference to other trades’ specifications. Also, review site and structural drawings for items that must be included in the estimates.
• It is important to include items that are not documented in the plans and specifications but must be priced. These items include, but are not limited to, testing, dust protection, roof penetration, core drilling concrete floors and walls, patching, cleanup and final adjustments. Add a contingency or allowance for utility company fees for power hookups, if needed.
• The project size and scope of electrical power generation equipment will have a significant impact on cost. The intent of RSMeans Date is to provide a benchmark cost so that owners, engineers and electrical contractors will have a comfortable number with which to start a project. Additionally, there are many websites available to use for research and to obtain a vendor’s quote to finalize costs.

This division contains information about water and wastewater equipment and systems, which was formerly located in Division 44. The main areas of focus are total wastewater treatment plants and components of wastewater treatment plants. In addition, there are assemblies such as sewage treatment lagoons that can be found in some publications under G30 Site Mechanical Utilities. Also included in this section are oil/water separators for wastewater treatment.

• Equipment rental rates are obtained from  North American contractors, suppliers, dealers, manufacturers and distributors.
• Rental rates vary throughout the contient, with larger cities generally having lower rates. Lease plans for new equipment are available for periods in excess of six months, with a percentage of payments applying toward purchase.
• Monthly rental rates vary from 2% to 5% of the purchase price of the equipment depending on the anticipated life of the equipment and its wearing parts.
• Weekly rental rates are about 1/3 the monthly rates, and daily rental rates are about 1/3 the weekly rate.
• Rental rates can also be treated as reimbursement costs for contractor-owned equipment. Owned equipment costs include depreciation, loan payments, interest, taxes, insurance, storage and major repairs.

• Operating costs include parts and labor for routine servicing, such as the repair and replacement of pumps, filters and worn lines. Normal operating expendables, such as fuel, lubricants, tires and electricity (where applicable), are also included.
• Extraordinary operating expendables with highly variable wear patterns, such as diamond bits and blades, are excluded. These costs can be found as material costs in the unit price section.
• The hourly operating costs listed do not include the operator’s wages.

• Any power equipment required by a crew is shown in the Crew Listings with a daily cost.
• The daily cost of equipment needed by a crew is based on dividing the weekly rental rate by 5 (number of working days in the week), and then adding the hourly operating cost times 8 (the number of hours in a day). This “Equipment Cost/ Day” is shown in the far-right column of the Equipment Rental pages.
• If equipment is needed for only one or two days, it is best to develop your own cost by including components for daily rent and hourly operating cost. This is important when the listed Crew for a task does not contain the equipment needed, such as a crane for lifting mechanical heating/cooling equipment up onto a roof.
• If the quantity of work is less than the crew’s Daily Output shown for a unit price line item that includes a bare unit equipment cost, it is recommended to estimate one day’s rental cost and operating cost for equipment shown in the Crew Listing for that line item.

• The cost to move construction equipment from an equipment yard or rental company to the job site and back again is not included in equipment rental costs listed in the Reference Section, nor in the bare equipment cost of any unit price line item, nor in any equipment costs shown in the Crew listings.
• Mobilization (to the site) and demobilization (from the site) costs can be found in the unit price section.  
• If a piece of equipment is already at the job site, it is inappropriate to include mobilization and demobilization costs.

• Square foot costs can reflect a tremendous variation in square foot (S.F.) and cubic foot (C.F.) costs. This is due to differences in labor costs, material costs and owner requirements.For instance, a bank in a large city would have different features than one in a rural area. This is true of all the different types of buildings analyzed. Therefore, estimators should use best judgement when using RSMeans Data square foot costs. For example, for courthouses, costs in the database are local courthouse costs and will not apply to the larger, more elaborate federal courthouses.
• There are two times when square foot costs are useful. The first is in the conceptual stage when no details are available. Then, square foot costs make a useful starting point. The second is after the bids are in and the costs can be worked back into their appropriate categories for information purposes. As soon as details become available in the project design, the square foot approach should be discontinued and the project should be priced to its particular components. When more precision is required, or for estimating the replacement cost of specific buildings, the current edition of the RSMeans Data Square Foot Costs book or Square Foot Estimator in RSMeans Data Online should be used.

Reference numbers are shown in shaded boxes at the beginning of some major classifications. These numbers refer to related items in the Reference Section. The reference information may be an estimating procedure, an alternate pricing method or technical information.

The Reference section can be found at the end of each RSMeans Data Cost book and can be found directly linked to the unit line item in RSMeans Data Online. Simply click on the line number and it will show reference items associated to that cost line item.  Additionally, all Reference Items can be found in the Reference Items section of RSMeans Data Online.